Nitinol Sheet

The peculiar features of nitinol result from a reversible solid-state phase shift called a martensitic transformation, which needs between 10,000 and 20,000 psi (69 and 138 MPa) of mechanical stress to occur between two distinct martensite crystal phases.

Austenite, also referred to as the parent phase, is the interpenetrating simple cubic structure that nitinol acquires at high temperatures. Nitinol spontaneously changes into the martensite (daughter phase), a more complex monoclinic crystal structure, at low temperatures.The austenite-to-martensite and martensite-to-austenite transformations have four corresponding transition temperatures. As the alloy cools to the so-called martensite start temperature, or Ms, martensite begins to develop from fully austenite, and the temperature at which the transformation is complete is referred to as the martensite finish temperature, or Mf. Austenite begins to form at the austenite start temperature, As, and ends at the austenite finish temperature, Af, when the alloy is heated while it is fully martensite.This article is about Nitinol Sheet.

Chemical Composition

History

The name "Nitinol" is taken from the metal's chemical make-up and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, where it was first discovered. Its qualities were found in 1959 while William J. Buehler and Frederick Wang were doing research at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory.Buehler was working to create a better missile nose cone that could withstand wear and tear, heat, and impact force. He presented a sample at a laboratory management meeting in 1961 after discovering that a 1:1 alloy of nickel and titanium could complete the task. The sample was handed around and flexed by the participants after being folded like an accordion. To everyone's surprise, the accordion-shaped strip shrank and returned to its original shape after one of them heated the sample with his pipe lighter.

Nitinol's potential applications were readily understood, but actual commercialization efforts didn't start until a decade later. The exceptional difficulties of melting, refining, and machining the alloy was a major contributor to this delay. Even these initiatives ran into financial obstacles that were not easily overcome until the 1980s, when these real-world issues started to start to be rectified.

Swedish chemist Arne Lander initially noticed the shape-memory effect in gold-cadmium alloys in 1932, which marks the beginning of the broad discovery of the phenomenon. Early in the 1950s, the similar phenomenon was seen in Cu-Zn (brass).

Application 
Because of its exceptional qualities, including biocompatibility, ray opacity, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) had no effect, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, shape memory effect, and superelastic damping, nitinol sheet is widely used in the aviation, aerospace, machinery, electronics, chemical, energy, construction, and other projects, as well as the civil and medical fields.

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